A year of sampling 62 troughs and 212 water samples on Central California dairy farms: 47% exceeded the 44 ppm nitrate guideline and 89% exceeded 15 CFU/100 mL E. coli – with nitrate traced back to groundwater and bacteria traced to the cattle themselves.
A systematic review of 121 studies (2000-2025) on automated and AI-driven systems for monitoring drinking behaviour and water intake in cattle – from RFID and accelerometers to computer vision, deep learning and digital twins – and the gaps that remain.
A conductive chilled-water mattress tested on three Friesian dry cows during a Polish summer heat wave lowered skin temperature by up to 8 C and significantly reduced reticulorumen temperature.
At -14.2 C, Holstein calves housed indoors in a lightweight building had higher skin temperature and spent more time standing, moving and drinking than calves in outdoor hutches under shelters.
A review of the temperature-humidity index (THI) as the key environmental indicator of heat stress in dairy cows, covering its calculation formulas and the interpretation of critical thresholds.
Season and parity effects on milk yield, milk composition, feed efficiency and return over feed cost in 49 lactating Kankrej cows of first to fourth parity, monitored through monsoon, winter and summer.
A four-week summer trial on 12 lactating Murrah buffaloes: drinking water pre-cooled in an earthen pot lowered serum cortisol by 44%, respiratory and pulse rates and rectal temperature, and raised milk yield by 29% compared with naturally warm farm water.
A 2025 review of water requirements, utilization and water balance across dairy cows, beef cattle, sheep, poultry, horses and swine — covering the three sources of water gain, the pathways of loss, and the factors that drive daily water intake.
A 3-year study on four Northern Italian dairy farms found that ceiling-fan ventilation raised milk yield by 2.9 kg/cow/day and improved reproductive traits, with a benefit–cost ratio of 1.34–1.51 depending on heat-stress intensity.
Water cup cleaning increased daily water intake by approximately 5 L and intake per drinking bout by approximately 2 L in lactating dairy cows, without affecting drinking frequency or milk yield.
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