Assessment of Nitrate and Escherichia coli in Cattle Drinking Water Troughs in Central California Dairy Farms
A year of sampling 62 troughs and 212 water samples on Central California dairy farms: 47% exceeded the 44 ppm nitrate guideline and 89% exceeded 15 CFU/100 mL E. coli – with nitrate traced back to groundwater and bacteria traced to the cattle themselves.